Перевод с ин. языка «Перевод текста и задания к нему»,
Английский язык в Нижнем Новгороде

Переведите выделенный отрывок текста на русский язык, задайте 10 вопросов разных типов на английском языке и подготовьте письменный пересказ главной идеи текста на английском языке MANAGERIAL, POLITICAL, AND LEGAL APPROACHES TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Public administration involves a number of complex concerns and functions. It is not surprising, therefore, that as an academic discipline or theory, public administration lacks coherence. Some of scholars viewed it as a managerial endeavor, similar to practices in the private sector. Others emphasized its political aspects. Still others viewed it as a distinctively legal discipline, noting the importance of constitutions and regulations in public administration. Those who defined public administration in managerial terms, viewed public administration essentially the same as big business and accordingly ought to be run according to the same managerial principles. They promoted the bureaucratic organizational structure of public administration. Bureaucracy requires a highly specialized division of labor which enables each worker to become an expert at what he or she does. Then, specialization requires coordination and hierarchy, that creates a chain of authority to manage and coordinate the work. Data were gathered and statistically analyzed. The selection of public servants was recommended to be based according to their efficiency and performance. They believed that public employees should be prohibited from taking an active part in politics as “administrative questions are not political questions”, and to become businesslike they had to be come non-political. Law was deemphasized: as Leonard White (1923) stressed, “the study of administration should start from the base of management rather than the foundation of law”. In making decisions public administrators were to choose most cost-effective. The managerial approach tends to minimize the distinction between public and private administration. Public administration differs from private administration in many significant ways, such as: 1. Separation of powers, that is their division into chief executives, legislature, and courts, helps to avoid different political pressures and to save people from autocracy. At the same time it may frustrate coordination between them that of-ten creates a very complex environment for contemporary public administration. This situation is not observed in the private sector.