Контрольная «Решить 2 задания»,
Английский язык в Нижнем Новгороде

Types of sentences Punishment describes the imposition by some authority of a deprivation on a person who has violated a law, a rule, or other norm. Because punishment is both painful and guilt producing, its application calls for a justification. In Western culture, four basic justifications have been given: retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Most penal historians note a gradual trend over the last centuries toward more lenient sentences in Western countries. Capital and corporal punishment are seldom invoked by contemporary society. Criminal sentences usually embrace four basic modes of punishment. In descending order of severity they are: incarceration, community supervision, fine and restitution. The death penalty is now possible only for certain types of murders and treason. Incarceration. The concept of locking someone up for a fixed period of time is relatively new to our culture. Competing theories exist as to why some laws require, and why some judges order, convicted criminals to be incarcerated. Suspended sentences. Sometimes a defendant’s prison sentence is suspended. A suspended sentence is jail or prison time that is put on hold if the defendant complies with certain other obligations, for example, the conditions of probation or the completion of a drug treatment program. Fines. Fines are a common punishment for a variety of crimes, especially less serious offenses committed by first-time offenders. Offenses that are typically punished by a fine include minor drug possession, fish and game violations, shoplifting, traffic and even some first-time drunk-driving cases. In more serious offenses or where the defendant has a criminal record, many judges combine a fine with other punishments. Restitution. While fines go to the state, restitution is money paid by the defendant to the victim or to a state restitution fund. In some cases, the “victim” is society, such as welfare and Medicare fraud schemes where defendants may be sentenced to pay the state back the money defrauded. Probation. Probation is a leash that the criminal justice system puts on defendants in lieu of incarceration in jail or prison. Offenders who are put on probation (either instead of or in addition to any other punishment they might receive) are typically required to adhere to a number of conditions of probation. 1) Напишите аннотацию прочитанного текста объемом (не менее 100?120 слов или 5?6 предложений). Обратите внимание, что при аннотировании происходит сокращение малозначащих сведений, переработка содержания, композиции и языка оригинала, обобщение наиболее ценных данных и их фиксирование в конспективной форме. Для связности изложения используются специальные клише: 1. The text is headlined … 2. The text deals with / is concerned with … 3. The text opens with … / focuses on … 4. Then / after that / next / further on / furthermore / additionally / in conclusion … is / are accentuated / depicted / enumerated / introduced / mentioned / stated / underlined … 5. The text ends with … 2) Выполните следующую проектную работу: Robbery is a burning issue nowadays. Everybody can be the victim of robbers. How should you protect yourself? How can you prevent the robbery? You are a member of the team working at the poster. Your task is to advertise the ways of preventing robbery